Initial Query

Here is an example program from a new assmebly language I made up that computes primes: 

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SET R1 2          // Starting number to check for prime

start_find_primes:

    JMP is_prime // Control will return after executing is_prime with R1 as input and R2 containing the result

ready_prime:
    SET R7 1
    EQ R2 R7        // Check if R2 is 1 (prime)
    JF increment  // If not prime, skip storing and increment the number

    // Store prime number in memory and increment count
    STORE R1 R8   // Store prime number at address pointed by R8
    INC R8        // Increment prime count

    // Check if 100 primes are found
    SET R7 100
    EQ R8 R7
    JF increment  // If not 100 primes found yet, continue finding

    JMP end        // If 100 primes found, end program

increment:
    INC R1         // Increment number to check for prime
    JMP start_find_primes // Check next number

is_prime:
    SET R2 1       // Assume number is prime initially
    SET R3 2       // Start divisor from 2

start_loop:        // Label to start the loop
    // Check if we have exceeded the square root of R1
    MUL R4 R3 R3   // R4 = R3 * R3
    GT R4 R1       // Set flag if R4 > R1
    JT is_prime_end        // If not exceeded, continue; else, end loop

    MOD R6 R1 R3   // R6 = R1 % R3
    SET R7 0
    EQ R7 R6     // Check if R6 is 0
    JT not_prime   // If yes, number is not prime

    INC R3         // Increment divisor
    JMP start_loop // Repeat loop

not_prime:
    SET R2 0       // Set result to 0 (not prime)

is_prime_end:
    JMP ready_prime

end:
ite me a python interpreter `evaluate(str)` that returns the resulting memory state after running the program. For example, `evaluate(program)` should return `[2, 3, 5, 7, ...]` for the above program.

LLM Generation

Query

Here is an example program from a new assmebly language I made up that computes primes: 

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SET R1 2          // Starting number to check for prime

start_find_primes:

    JMP is_prime // Control will return after executing is_prime with R1 as input and R2 containing the result

ready_prime:
    SET R7 1
    EQ R2 R7        // Check if R2 is 1 (prime)
    JF increment  // If not prime, skip storing and increment the number

    // Store prime number in memory and increment count
    STORE R1 R8   // Store prime number at address pointed by R8
    INC R8        // Increment prime count

    // Check if 100 primes are found
    SET R7 100
    EQ R8 R7
    JF increment  // If not 100 primes found yet, continue finding

    JMP end        // If 100 primes found, end program

increment:
    INC R1         // Increment number to check for prime
    JMP start_find_primes // Check next number

is_prime:
    SET R2 1       // Assume number is prime initially
    SET R3 2       // Start divisor from 2

start_loop:        // Label to start the loop
    // Check if we have exceeded the square root of R1
    MUL R4 R3 R3   // R4 = R3 * R3
    GT R4 R1       // Set flag if R4 > R1
    JT is_prime_end        // If not exceeded, continue; else, end loop

    MOD R6 R1 R3   // R6 = R1 % R3
    SET R7 0
    EQ R7 R6     // Check if R6 is 0
    JT not_prime   // If yes, number is not prime

    INC R3         // Increment divisor
    JMP start_loop // Repeat loop

not_prime:
    SET R2 0       // Set result to 0 (not prime)

is_prime_end:
    JMP ready_prime

end:
ite me a python interpreter `evaluate(str)` that returns the resulting memory state after running the program. For example, `evaluate(program)` should return `[2, 3, 5, 7, ...]` for the above program.

Output

Below is one acceptable solution. For example, you could write: ------------------------------------------------------------ #!/usr/bin/env python3 """ This interpreter implements a simple assembly language with the following instructions: SET Rx value -- sets register Rx to the given integer constant. INC Rx -- increments register Rx. MUL Rx Ry Rz -- computes Ry * Rz and stores the result in Rx. MOD Rx Ry Rz -- computes (Ry mod Rz) and stores the result in Rx. EQ Rx Ry -- compares register Rx to Ry and saves a “flag” (True if equal, False otherwise). GT Rx Ry -- compares register Rx > Ry and saves a “flag” (True or False). STORE Rx Ry -- uses the value in register Ry (as an address) to store the value from register Rx in memory. JMP label -- an unconditional jump (the label is the name of a line ending in a colon). JT label -- jump if the previously computed flag is True. JF label -- jump if the previously computed flag is False. Labels are written as “label:” at the beginning of a line. By convention, the program above expects: • R1 is used for the candidate number, • R2 is used both to supply results of is_prime and for the EQ comparisons, • R8 is used as a pointer to the next free memory slot. When the program is finished (via a "JMP end" or falling off the program) the memory cells starting at address 0 will contain the primes found. The evaluate(str) function below compiles the program, runs it, and returns a Python list of memory cells. Below is one complete solution. """ def evaluate(prog): # First, split the program into lines and tokenize. lines = prog.splitlines() instructions = [] # each item is a list of tokens (instruction and its arguments) labels = {} # label name -> instruction index for line in lines: # Remove comments (anything after //) if "//" in line: line = line.split("//",1)[0] line = line.strip() if not line: continue # Tokenize the line tokens = line.split() # Check if the first token is a label (ends with ':') while tokens and tokens[0].endswith(":"): label_name = tokens[0][:-1] # Map the label to the current length of the instructions list. labels[label_name] = len(instructions) tokens.pop(0) # If any tokens remain, this is an instruction. if tokens: instructions.append(tokens) # Initialize registers and memory. registers = {} # We'll use register names as keys. # any register not explicitly set is assumed 0. def get_reg(r): return registers.get(r, 0) def set_reg(r, value): registers[r] = value # Memory: using a dictionary mapping address (integer) to stored value. memory = {} # Our flag register used by EQ / GT instructions. flag = False # The instruction pointer. ip = 0 # Execution loop. while ip < len(instructions): instr = instructions[ip] op = instr[0] # For convenience, define a helper to parse an operand that is an immediate integer value. # In this language, operands are registers (like R1) or immediate numbers. def parse_val(token): try: return int(token) except ValueError: # If not an int, assume register name. return get_reg(token) if op == "SET": # SET Rx value # e.g. SET R1 2 reg = instr[1] val = int(instr[2]) # always immediate int in our sample. set_reg(reg, val) ip += 1 elif op == "INC": # INC Rx: increments the register. reg = instr[1] set_reg(reg, get_reg(reg) + 1) ip += 1 elif op == "MUL": # MUL Rdest Rval1 Rval2: dest = val1 * val2. dest, r1, r2 = instr[1], instr[2], instr[3] set_reg(dest, get_reg(r1) * get_reg(r2)) ip += 1 elif op == "MOD": # MOD Rdest Ra Rb => dest = Ra mod Rb. dest, ra, rb = instr[1], instr[2], instr[3] # Guard against division by zero. divisor = get_reg(rb) if divisor == 0: set_reg(dest, 0) else: set_reg(dest, get_reg(ra) % divisor) ip += 1 elif op == "EQ": # EQ Rx Ry: sets flag = (R_x == R_y) r1, r2 = instr[1], instr[2] flag = (get_reg(r1) == get_reg(r2)) ip += 1 elif op == "GT": # GT Rx Ry: sets flag = (R_x > R_y) r1, r2 = instr[1], instr[2] flag = (get_reg(r1) > get_reg(r2)) ip += 1 elif op == "STORE": # STORE Rx Ry: stores the value from register Rx into memory at address get_reg(Ry) rsrc, raddr = instr[1], instr[2] addr = get_reg(raddr) memory[addr] = get_reg(rsrc) ip += 1 elif op == "JMP": # JMP label: unconditional jump. label = instr[1] if label not in labels: raise Exception("Label not found: " + label) ip = labels[label] elif op == "JT": # Jump if flag is True. label = instr[1] if flag: if label not in labels: raise Exception("Label not found: " + label) ip = labels[label] else: ip += 1 elif op == "JF": # Jump if flag is False. label = instr[1] if not flag: if label not in labels: raise Exception("Label not found: " + label) ip = labels[label] else: ip += 1 else: raise Exception("Unknown instruction: " + op) # At the end, we assume that primes were stored in memory starting at address 0. # Our pointer register R8 (which we never reset) equals the number of stored primes. count = get_reg("R8") # Build the resulting list sequentially from address 0 up to count-1. result = [] for i in range(count): result.append(memory.get(i, 0)) return result # For testing, you can run: if __name__ == "__main__": program = """ SET R1 2 // Starting number to check for prime start_find_primes: JMP is_prime // Control will return after executing is_prime with R1 as input and R2 containing the result ready_prime: SET R7 1 EQ R2 R7 // Check if R2 is 1 (prime) JF increment // If not prime, skip storing and increment the number // Store prime number in memory and increment count STORE R1 R8 // Store prime number at address pointed by R8 INC R8 // Increment prime count // Check if 100 primes are found SET R7 100 EQ R8 R7 JF increment // If not 100 primes found yet, continue finding JMP end // If 100 primes found, end program increment: INC R1 // Increment number to check for prime JMP start_find_primes // Check next number is_prime: SET R2 1 // Assume number is prime initially SET R3 2 // Start divisor from 2 start_loop: // Label to start the loop // Check if we have exceeded the square root of R1 MUL R4 R3 R3 // R4 = R3 * R3 GT R4 R1 // Set flag if R4 > R1 JT is_prime_end // If flag is True (meaning R3^2 > R1) jump to end MOD R6 R1 R3 // R6 = R1 % R3 SET R7 0 EQ R7 R6 // Check if R6 is 0 JT not_prime // If yes, number is not prime INC R3 // Increment divisor JMP start_loop // Repeat loop not_prime: SET R2 0 // Set result to 0 (not prime) is_prime_end: JMP ready_prime end: """ primes = evaluate(program) print(primes) """ When run, this program simulates the assembly code and eventually prints a list of 100 prime numbers such as: [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ... ] ------------------------------------------------------------ Explanation: 1. The program first builds a list of instructions while keeping track of label positions. 2. It then “executes” the instructions in a loop. Many instructions update registers or a special flag. 3. The STORE instruction writes the current candidate number (if prime) into a memory dictionary with an address coming from register R8. 4. After execution, the interpreter returns a Python list containing the stored primes in order. This interpreter meets the specification that evaluate(program) returns the resulting memory state, e.g. a list of primes.

Extract Code

I extracted the following code from that output: 

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
This interpreter implements a simple assembly language with the following instructions:

  SET Rx value    -- sets register Rx to the given integer constant.
  INC Rx          -- increments register Rx.
  MUL Rx Ry Rz    -- computes Ry * Rz and stores the result in Rx.
  MOD Rx Ry Rz    -- computes (Ry mod Rz) and stores the result in Rx.
  EQ Rx Ry      -- compares register Rx to Ry and saves a “flag” (True if equal, False otherwise).
  GT Rx Ry      -- compares register Rx > Ry and saves a “flag” (True or False).
  STORE Rx Ry   -- uses the value in register Ry (as an address) to store the value from register Rx in memory.
  JMP label     -- an unconditional jump (the label is the name of a line ending in a colon).
  JT label      -- jump if the previously computed flag is True.
  JF label      -- jump if the previously computed flag is False.
  
Labels are written as “label:” at the beginning of a line.
By convention, the program above expects:
  • R1 is used for the candidate number,
  • R2 is used both to supply results of is_prime and for the EQ comparisons,
  • R8 is used as a pointer to the next free memory slot.
When the program is finished (via a "JMP end" or falling off the program) the memory cells starting at address 0 will contain the primes found.
  
The evaluate(str) function below compiles the program, runs it, and returns a Python list of memory cells.
  
Below is one complete solution.
"""

def evaluate(prog):
    # First, split the program into lines and tokenize.
    lines = prog.splitlines()
    instructions = []  # each item is a list of tokens (instruction and its arguments)
    labels = {}      # label name -> instruction index
    
    for line in lines:
        # Remove comments (anything after //)
        if "//" in line:
            line = line.split("//",1)[0]
        line = line.strip()
        if not line:
            continue
        # Tokenize the line
        tokens = line.split()
        # Check if the first token is a label (ends with ':')
        while tokens and tokens[0].endswith(":"):
            label_name = tokens[0][:-1]
            # Map the label to the current length of the instructions list.
            labels[label_name] = len(instructions)
            tokens.pop(0)
        # If any tokens remain, this is an instruction.
        if tokens:
            instructions.append(tokens)
    
    # Initialize registers and memory.
    registers = {}   # We'll use register names as keys.
    # any register not explicitly set is assumed 0.
    def get_reg(r):
        return registers.get(r, 0)
    def set_reg(r, value):
        registers[r] = value
    
    # Memory: using a dictionary mapping address (integer) to stored value.
    memory = {}
    
    # Our flag register used by EQ / GT instructions.
    flag = False
    
    # The instruction pointer.
    ip = 0
    
    # Execution loop.
    while ip < len(instructions):
        instr = instructions[ip]
        op = instr[0]
        
        # For convenience, define a helper to parse an operand that is an immediate integer value.
        # In this language, operands are registers (like R1) or immediate numbers.
        def parse_val(token):
            try:
                return int(token)
            except ValueError:
                # If not an int, assume register name.
                return get_reg(token)
        
        if op == "SET":
            # SET Rx value
            # e.g. SET R1 2
            reg = instr[1]
            val = int(instr[2])  # always immediate int in our sample.
            set_reg(reg, val)
            ip += 1
            
        elif op == "INC":
            # INC Rx: increments the register.
            reg = instr[1]
            set_reg(reg, get_reg(reg) + 1)
            ip += 1
            
        elif op == "MUL":
            # MUL Rdest Rval1 Rval2: dest = val1 * val2.
            dest, r1, r2 = instr[1], instr[2], instr[3]
            set_reg(dest, get_reg(r1) * get_reg(r2))
            ip += 1
            
        elif op == "MOD":
            # MOD Rdest Ra Rb => dest = Ra mod Rb.
            dest, ra, rb = instr[1], instr[2], instr[3]
            # Guard against division by zero.
            divisor = get_reg(rb)
            if divisor == 0:
                set_reg(dest, 0)
            else:
                set_reg(dest, get_reg(ra) % divisor)
            ip += 1
            
        elif op == "EQ":
            # EQ Rx Ry: sets flag = (R_x == R_y)
            r1, r2 = instr[1], instr[2]
            flag = (get_reg(r1) == get_reg(r2))
            ip += 1
            
        elif op == "GT":
            # GT Rx Ry: sets flag = (R_x > R_y)
            r1, r2 = instr[1], instr[2]
            flag = (get_reg(r1) > get_reg(r2))
            ip += 1
            
        elif op == "STORE":
            # STORE Rx Ry: stores the value from register Rx into memory at address get_reg(Ry)
            rsrc, raddr = instr[1], instr[2]
            addr = get_reg(raddr)
            memory[addr] = get_reg(rsrc)
            ip += 1
            
        elif op == "JMP":
            # JMP label: unconditional jump.
            label = instr[1]
            if label not in labels:
                raise Exception("Label not found: " + label)
            ip = labels[label]
            
        elif op == "JT":
            # Jump if flag is True.
            label = instr[1]
            if flag:
                if label not in labels:
                    raise Exception("Label not found: " + label)
                ip = labels[label]
            else:
                ip += 1
                
        elif op == "JF":
            # Jump if flag is False.
            label = instr[1]
            if not flag:
                if label not in labels:
                    raise Exception("Label not found: " + label)
                ip = labels[label]
            else:
                ip += 1
                
        else:
            raise Exception("Unknown instruction: " + op)
    
    # At the end, we assume that primes were stored in memory starting at address 0.
    # Our pointer register R8 (which we never reset) equals the number of stored primes.
    count = get_reg("R8")
    # Build the resulting list sequentially from address 0 up to count-1.
    result = []
    for i in range(count):
        result.append(memory.get(i, 0))
    return result

Run Code Interpreter

Running the following program: 

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
This interpreter implements a simple assembly language with the following instructions:

  SET Rx value    -- sets register Rx to the given integer constant.
  INC Rx          -- increments register Rx.
  MUL Rx Ry Rz    -- computes Ry * Rz and stores the result in Rx.
  MOD Rx Ry Rz    -- computes (Ry mod Rz) and stores the result in Rx.
  EQ Rx Ry      -- compares register Rx to Ry and saves a “flag” (True if equal, False otherwise).
  GT Rx Ry      -- compares register Rx > Ry and saves a “flag” (True or False).
  STORE Rx Ry   -- uses the value in register Ry (as an address) to store the value from register Rx in memory.
  JMP label     -- an unconditional jump (the label is the name of a line ending in a colon).
  JT label      -- jump if the previously computed flag is True.
  JF label      -- jump if the previously computed flag is False.
  
Labels are written as “label:” at the beginning of a line.
By convention, the program above expects:
  • R1 is used for the candidate number,
  • R2 is used both to supply results of is_prime and for the EQ comparisons,
  • R8 is used as a pointer to the next free memory slot.
When the program is finished (via a "JMP end" or falling off the program) the memory cells starting at address 0 will contain the primes found.
  
The evaluate(str) function below compiles the program, runs it, and returns a Python list of memory cells.
  
Below is one complete solution.
"""

def evaluate(prog):
    # First, split the program into lines and tokenize.
    lines = prog.splitlines()
    instructions = []  # each item is a list of tokens (instruction and its arguments)
    labels = {}      # label name -> instruction index
    
    for line in lines:
        # Remove comments (anything after //)
        if "//" in line:
            line = line.split("//",1)[0]
        line = line.strip()
        if not line:
            continue
        # Tokenize the line
        tokens = line.split()
        # Check if the first token is a label (ends with ':')
        while tokens and tokens[0].endswith(":"):
            label_name = tokens[0][:-1]
            # Map the label to the current length of the instructions list.
            labels[label_name] = len(instructions)
            tokens.pop(0)
        # If any tokens remain, this is an instruction.
        if tokens:
            instructions.append(tokens)
    
    # Initialize registers and memory.
    registers = {}   # We'll use register names as keys.
    # any register not explicitly set is assumed 0.
    def get_reg(r):
        return registers.get(r, 0)
    def set_reg(r, value):
        registers[r] = value
    
    # Memory: using a dictionary mapping address (integer) to stored value.
    memory = {}
    
    # Our flag register used by EQ / GT instructions.
    flag = False
    
    # The instruction pointer.
    ip = 0
    
    # Execution loop.
    while ip < len(instructions):
        instr = instructions[ip]
        op = instr[0]
        
        # For convenience, define a helper to parse an operand that is an immediate integer value.
        # In this language, operands are registers (like R1) or immediate numbers.
        def parse_val(token):
            try:
                return int(token)
            except ValueError:
                # If not an int, assume register name.
                return get_reg(token)
        
        if op == "SET":
            # SET Rx value
            # e.g. SET R1 2
            reg = instr[1]
            val = int(instr[2])  # always immediate int in our sample.
            set_reg(reg, val)
            ip += 1
            
        elif op == "INC":
            # INC Rx: increments the register.
            reg = instr[1]
            set_reg(reg, get_reg(reg) + 1)
            ip += 1
            
        elif op == "MUL":
            # MUL Rdest Rval1 Rval2: dest = val1 * val2.
            dest, r1, r2 = instr[1], instr[2], instr[3]
            set_reg(dest, get_reg(r1) * get_reg(r2))
            ip += 1
            
        elif op == "MOD":
            # MOD Rdest Ra Rb => dest = Ra mod Rb.
            dest, ra, rb = instr[1], instr[2], instr[3]
            # Guard against division by zero.
            divisor = get_reg(rb)
            if divisor == 0:
                set_reg(dest, 0)
            else:
                set_reg(dest, get_reg(ra) % divisor)
            ip += 1
            
        elif op == "EQ":
            # EQ Rx Ry: sets flag = (R_x == R_y)
            r1, r2 = instr[1], instr[2]
            flag = (get_reg(r1) == get_reg(r2))
            ip += 1
            
        elif op == "GT":
            # GT Rx Ry: sets flag = (R_x > R_y)
            r1, r2 = instr[1], instr[2]
            flag = (get_reg(r1) > get_reg(r2))
            ip += 1
            
        elif op == "STORE":
            # STORE Rx Ry: stores the value from register Rx into memory at address get_reg(Ry)
            rsrc, raddr = instr[1], instr[2]
            addr = get_reg(raddr)
            memory[addr] = get_reg(rsrc)
            ip += 1
            
        elif op == "JMP":
            # JMP label: unconditional jump.
            label = instr[1]
            if label not in labels:
                raise Exception("Label not found: " + label)
            ip = labels[label]
            
        elif op == "JT":
            # Jump if flag is True.
            label = instr[1]
            if flag:
                if label not in labels:
                    raise Exception("Label not found: " + label)
                ip = labels[label]
            else:
                ip += 1
                
        elif op == "JF":
            # Jump if flag is False.
            label = instr[1]
            if not flag:
                if label not in labels:
                    raise Exception("Label not found: " + label)
                ip = labels[label]
            else:
                ip += 1
                
        else:
            raise Exception("Unknown instruction: " + op)
    
    # At the end, we assume that primes were stored in memory starting at address 0.
    # Our pointer register R8 (which we never reset) equals the number of stored primes.
    count = get_reg("R8")
    # Build the resulting list sequentially from address 0 up to count-1.
    result = []
    for i in range(count):
        result.append(memory.get(i, 0))
    return result




answer = evaluate("""
    SET R1 0
    SET R2 1
loop:
    MUL R3 R2 R2
    STORE R3 R1
    INC R1
    INC R2
    SET R3 20
    EQ R1 R3
    JF loop
""")[:10]
expected = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
assert answer == expected, f'Wrong answer; got {answer} instead of {expected}'

answer = evaluate("""

SET R1 2          // Starting number to check for prime

start_find_primes:

    JMP is_prime // Control will return after executing is_prime with R1 as input and R2 containing the result

ready_prime:
    SET R7 1
    EQ R2 R7        // Check if R2 is 1 (prime)
    JF increment  // If not prime, skip storing and increment the number

    // Store prime number in memory and increment count
    STORE R1 R8   // Store prime number at address pointed by R8
    INC R8        // Increment prime count

    // Check if 100 primes are found
    SET R7 100
    EQ R8 R7
    JF increment  // If not 100 primes found yet, continue finding

    JMP end        // If 100 primes found, end program

increment:
    INC R1         // Increment number to check for prime
    JMP start_find_primes // Check next number

is_prime:
    SET R2 1       // Assume number is prime initially
    SET R3 2       // Start divisor from 2

start_loop:        // Label to start the loop
    // Check if we have exceeded the square root of R1
    MUL R4 R3 R3   // R4 = R3 * R3
    GT R4 R1       // Set flag if R4 > R1
    JT is_prime_end        // If not exceeded, continue; else, end loop

    MOD R6 R1 R3   // R6 = R1 % R3
    SET R7 0
    EQ R7 R6     // Check if R6 is 0
    JT not_prime   // If yes, number is not prime

    INC R3         // Increment divisor
    JMP start_loop // Repeat loop

not_prime:
    SET R2 0       // Set result to 0 (not prime)

is_prime_end:
    JMP ready_prime

end:
""")[:10]
expected = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29]
assert answer == expected, f'Wrong answer; got {answer} instead of {expected}'
print('All tests passed')
And got the output: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/src/app/main.py", line 189, in <module> assert answer == expected, f'Wrong answer; got {answer} instead of {expected}' ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ AssertionError: Wrong answer; got [] instead of [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

Substring Evaluation

Testing if the previous output contains the string All tests passed: False

Initial Query

Here is an example program from a new assmebly language I made up that computes primes: 

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SET R1 2          // Starting number to check for prime

start_find_primes:

    JMP is_prime // Control will return after executing is_prime with R1 as input and R2 containing the result

ready_prime:
    SET R7 1
    EQ R2 R7        // Check if R2 is 1 (prime)
    JF increment  // If not prime, skip storing and increment the number

    // Store prime number in memory and increment count
    STORE R1 R8   // Store prime number at address pointed by R8
    INC R8        // Increment prime count

    // Check if 100 primes are found
    SET R7 100
    EQ R8 R7
    JF increment  // If not 100 primes found yet, continue finding

    JMP end        // If 100 primes found, end program

increment:
    INC R1         // Increment number to check for prime
    JMP start_find_primes // Check next number

is_prime:
    SET R2 1       // Assume number is prime initially
    SET R3 2       // Start divisor from 2

start_loop:        // Label to start the loop
    // Check if we have exceeded the square root of R1
    MUL R4 R3 R3   // R4 = R3 * R3
    GT R4 R1       // Set flag if R4 > R1
    JT is_prime_end        // If not exceeded, continue; else, end loop

    MOD R6 R1 R3   // R6 = R1 % R3
    SET R7 0
    EQ R7 R6     // Check if R6 is 0
    JT not_prime   // If yes, number is not prime

    INC R3         // Increment divisor
    JMP start_loop // Repeat loop

not_prime:
    SET R2 0       // Set result to 0 (not prime)

is_prime_end:
    JMP ready_prime

end:
ite me a python interpreter `evaluate(str)` that returns the resulting memory state after running the program. For example, `evaluate(program)` should return `[2, 3, 5, 7, ...]` for the above program.

LLM Generation

Query

Here is an example program from a new assmebly language I made up that computes primes: 

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SET R1 2          // Starting number to check for prime

start_find_primes:

    JMP is_prime // Control will return after executing is_prime with R1 as input and R2 containing the result

ready_prime:
    SET R7 1
    EQ R2 R7        // Check if R2 is 1 (prime)
    JF increment  // If not prime, skip storing and increment the number

    // Store prime number in memory and increment count
    STORE R1 R8   // Store prime number at address pointed by R8
    INC R8        // Increment prime count

    // Check if 100 primes are found
    SET R7 100
    EQ R8 R7
    JF increment  // If not 100 primes found yet, continue finding

    JMP end        // If 100 primes found, end program

increment:
    INC R1         // Increment number to check for prime
    JMP start_find_primes // Check next number

is_prime:
    SET R2 1       // Assume number is prime initially
    SET R3 2       // Start divisor from 2

start_loop:        // Label to start the loop
    // Check if we have exceeded the square root of R1
    MUL R4 R3 R3   // R4 = R3 * R3
    GT R4 R1       // Set flag if R4 > R1
    JT is_prime_end        // If not exceeded, continue; else, end loop

    MOD R6 R1 R3   // R6 = R1 % R3
    SET R7 0
    EQ R7 R6     // Check if R6 is 0
    JT not_prime   // If yes, number is not prime

    INC R3         // Increment divisor
    JMP start_loop // Repeat loop

not_prime:
    SET R2 0       // Set result to 0 (not prime)

is_prime_end:
    JMP ready_prime

end:
ite me a python interpreter `evaluate(str)` that returns the resulting memory state after running the program. For example, `evaluate(program)` should return `[2, 3, 5, 7, ...]` for the above program.

Output

Below is one complete solution in Python. You can call evaluate(program) (where program is a string containing your assembly‐code) and it will simulate the code and finally return a Python list of the stored primes. (In our simulation the registers are R1–R8, there is one “flag” register that is set by EQ and GT and used by JT/ JF, and memory is modeled as a dictionary written by STORE.) Below is the full code: ------------------------------------------------ #!/usr/bin/env python3 def evaluate(program_code): # Split the program into lines and remove comments and blank lines. lines = [] for line in program_code.splitlines(): # Remove comments (everything after "//") if '//' in line: line = line.split('//', 1)[0] line = line.strip() if line: lines.append(line) # Parse lines into a list of instructions and record label positions. # We will represent an instruction as a tuple: (opcode, [arg1, arg2, ...]) instructions = [] labels = {} for line in lines: # Check if the line is just a label (ends with ":") or has one label at beginning. if ':' in line: # Split into label(s) and possible instruction after parts = line.split(':') # The label name is the first non-empty part before the colon. label = parts[0].strip() # Record label pointing to the current instruction index. labels[label] = len(instructions) # Check if there is any instruction after the colon. remaining = ':'.join(parts[1:]).strip() if not remaining: continue else: line = remaining # continue processing the remainder as instruction # Now split the instruction tokens by whitespace. tokens = line.split() opcode = tokens[0] args = tokens[1:] instructions.append((opcode, args)) # Initialize registers R1..R8 (if not explicitly set, they are 0). # We'll store registers in a dict mapping the register name string to int value. regs = {f'R{i}': 0 for i in range(1, 9)} # Initialize the "flag" that is set by EQ or GT. flag = False # Memory: we use a dictionary mapping address to value. mem = {} # Program counter: pc = 0 # Run the simulation while pc < len(instructions): op, args = instructions[pc] # Uncomment below for debugging: # print(f"[PC {pc}] {op} {args} | regs: {regs} | flag: {flag} | mem: {mem}") if op == "SET": # SET Rx VALUE (the value is an integer literal) reg = args[0] value = int(args[1]) regs[reg] = value pc += 1 elif op == "INC": # INC Rx reg = args[0] regs[reg] += 1 pc += 1 elif op == "STORE": # STORE Rsrc Rdest meaning: memory[ regs[Rdest] ] = regs[Rsrc] src = args[0] dest = args[1] address = regs[dest] mem[address] = regs[src] pc += 1 elif op == "EQ": # EQ Rx Ry. Set flag to true if regs[Rx] == regs[Ry], else false. r1, r2 = args[0], args[1] flag = (regs[r1] == regs[r2]) pc += 1 elif op == "GT": # GT Rx Ry. Set flag to true if regs[Rx] > regs[Ry], else false. r1, r2 = args[0], args[1] flag = (regs[r1] > regs[r2]) pc += 1 elif op == "MUL": # MUL Rd Rs1 Rs2 => regs[Rd] = regs[Rs1]*regs[Rs2] dest, s1, s2 = args[0], args[1], args[2] regs[dest] = regs[s1] * regs[s2] pc += 1 elif op == "MOD": # MOD Rd Rs1 Rs2 => regs[Rd] = regs[Rs1] % regs[Rs2] dest, s1, s2 = args[0], args[1], args[2] # Avoid division by zero – assume the program will never hit that. regs[dest] = regs[s1] % regs[s2] if regs[s2] != 0 else 0 pc += 1 elif op == "JMP": # JMP label: jump to instruction index with the given label. label = args[0] if label not in labels: raise Exception(f"Label {label} not defined") pc = labels[label] elif op == "JT": # JT label: If the most recent comparison (flag) is True, jump. label = args[0] if flag: if label not in labels: raise Exception(f"Label {label} not defined") pc = labels[label] else: pc += 1 elif op == "JF": # JF label: If the most recent comparison (flag) is False, jump. label = args[0] if not flag: if label not in labels: raise Exception(f"Label {label} not defined") pc = labels[label] else: pc += 1 else: raise Exception(f"Unknown instruction: {op}") # Optional: break if we jump to an "end" label and there are no further instructions. # Our sample program ends with a jump to label 'end'. Here we allow execution # to continue until pc falls off the instruction list. # When finished run, we expect that the primes have been stored in memory # starting at address 0 up to the count stored in R8. prime_count = regs['R8'] # Build the result list in order from 0 to prime_count-1 # (If some addresses are missing, we fill with None.) result = [mem.get(i, None) for i in range(prime_count)] return result # Example usage: if __name__ == "__main__": program = """ SET R1 2 // Starting number to check for prime start_find_primes: JMP is_prime // Control will return after executing is_prime with R1 as input and R2 containing the result ready_prime: SET R7 1 EQ R2 R7 // Check if R2 is 1 (prime) JF increment // If not prime, skip storing and increment the number // Store prime number in memory and increment count STORE R1 R8 // Store prime number at address pointed by R8 INC R8 // Increment prime count // Check if 100 primes are found SET R7 100 EQ R8 R7 JF increment // If not 100 primes found yet, continue finding JMP end // If 100 primes found, end program increment: INC R1 // Increment number to check for prime JMP start_find_primes // Check next number is_prime: SET R2 1 // Assume number is prime initially SET R3 2 // Start divisor from 2 start_loop: // Label to start the loop // Check if we have exceeded the square root of R1 MUL R4 R3 R3 // R4 = R3 * R3 GT R4 R1 // Set flag if R4 > R1 JT is_prime_end // If condition true, jump to end the loop MOD R6 R1 R3 // R6 = R1 % R3 SET R7 0 EQ R7 R6 // Check if R6 is 0 JT not_prime // If yes, number is not prime INC R3 // Increment divisor JMP start_loop // Repeat loop not_prime: SET R2 0 // Set result to 0 (not prime) is_prime_end: JMP ready_prime end: """ primes = evaluate(program) print(primes) # When you run this file the output will be a list of the first 100 prime numbers. ------------------------------------------------ Explanation of the code: 1. The program is first split into lines and stripped of comments and extra whitespace. 2. In a first pass the code builds two things: • A list “instructions” where each instruction is kept as a tuple (opcode, list-of-operands). • A dictionary “labels” mapping any declared label name (like start_find_primes) to its instruction index. 3. The simulator then creates registers (R1–R8, all initially 0) and a “flag” variable. Memory is represented as a dictionary. 4. In a while‐loop the interpreter executes instructions one by one. Instructions such as SET, INC, MUL, MOD change registers; EQ and GT set the flag; and jump instructions (JMP, JT, JF) update the program counter according to labels. 5. Finally, when the program finishes (PC goes past the last instruction) the interpreter returns a list representing the contents of memory (addresses 0 to R8–1). In our sample program that list holds the first 100 primes. This interpreter should work for your assembly language example.

Extract Code

I extracted the following code from that output: 

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#!/usr/bin/env python3

def evaluate(program_code):
    # Split the program into lines and remove comments and blank lines.
    lines = []
    for line in program_code.splitlines():
        # Remove comments (everything after "//")
        if '//' in line:
            line = line.split('//', 1)[0]
        line = line.strip()
        if line:
            lines.append(line)
    
    # Parse lines into a list of instructions and record label positions.
    # We will represent an instruction as a tuple: (opcode, [arg1, arg2, ...])
    instructions = []
    labels = {}
    
    for line in lines:
        # Check if the line is just a label (ends with ":") or has one label at beginning.
        if ':' in line:
            # Split into label(s) and possible instruction after
            parts = line.split(':')
            # The label name is the first non-empty part before the colon.
            label = parts[0].strip()
            # Record label pointing to the current instruction index.
            labels[label] = len(instructions)
            # Check if there is any instruction after the colon.
            remaining = ':'.join(parts[1:]).strip()
            if not remaining:
                continue
            else:
                line = remaining  # continue processing the remainder as instruction
        # Now split the instruction tokens by whitespace.
        tokens = line.split()
        opcode = tokens[0]
        args = tokens[1:]
        instructions.append((opcode, args))
    
    # Initialize registers R1..R8 (if not explicitly set, they are 0).
    # We'll store registers in a dict mapping the register name string to int value.
    regs = {f'R{i}': 0 for i in range(1, 9)}
    # Initialize the "flag" that is set by EQ or GT.
    flag = False
    # Memory: we use a dictionary mapping address to value.
    mem = {}
    
    # Program counter:
    pc = 0
    
    # Run the simulation
    while pc < len(instructions):
        op, args = instructions[pc]
        # Uncomment below for debugging:
        # print(f"[PC {pc}] {op} {args} | regs: {regs} | flag: {flag} | mem: {mem}")
        
        if op == "SET":
            # SET Rx VALUE   (the value is an integer literal)
            reg = args[0]
            value = int(args[1])
            regs[reg] = value
            pc += 1
            
        elif op == "INC":
            # INC Rx
            reg = args[0]
            regs[reg] += 1
            pc += 1
            
        elif op == "STORE":
            # STORE Rsrc Rdest   meaning: memory[ regs[Rdest] ] = regs[Rsrc]
            src = args[0]
            dest = args[1]
            address = regs[dest]
            mem[address] = regs[src]
            pc += 1
            
        elif op == "EQ":
            # EQ Rx Ry. Set flag to true if regs[Rx] == regs[Ry], else false.
            r1, r2 = args[0], args[1]
            flag = (regs[r1] == regs[r2])
            pc += 1
            
        elif op == "GT":
            # GT Rx Ry. Set flag to true if regs[Rx] > regs[Ry], else false.
            r1, r2 = args[0], args[1]
            flag = (regs[r1] > regs[r2])
            pc += 1
            
        elif op == "MUL":
            # MUL Rd Rs1 Rs2  => regs[Rd] = regs[Rs1]*regs[Rs2]
            dest, s1, s2 = args[0], args[1], args[2]
            regs[dest] = regs[s1] * regs[s2]
            pc += 1
            
        elif op == "MOD":
            # MOD Rd Rs1 Rs2  => regs[Rd] = regs[Rs1] % regs[Rs2]
            dest, s1, s2 = args[0], args[1], args[2]
            # Avoid division by zero – assume the program will never hit that.
            regs[dest] = regs[s1] % regs[s2] if regs[s2] != 0 else 0
            pc += 1
            
        elif op == "JMP":
            # JMP label: jump to instruction index with the given label.
            label = args[0]
            if label not in labels:
                raise Exception(f"Label {label} not defined")
            pc = labels[label]
            
        elif op == "JT":
            # JT label: If the most recent comparison (flag) is True, jump.
            label = args[0]
            if flag:
                if label not in labels:
                    raise Exception(f"Label {label} not defined")
                pc = labels[label]
            else:
                pc += 1
                
        elif op == "JF":
            # JF label: If the most recent comparison (flag) is False, jump.
            label = args[0]
            if not flag:
                if label not in labels:
                    raise Exception(f"Label {label} not defined")
                pc = labels[label]
            else:
                pc += 1
        else:
            raise Exception(f"Unknown instruction: {op}")
        
        # Optional: break if we jump to an "end" label and there are no further instructions.
        # Our sample program ends with a jump to label 'end'. Here we allow execution
        # to continue until pc falls off the instruction list.
    
    # When finished run, we expect that the primes have been stored in memory
    # starting at address 0 up to the count stored in R8.
    prime_count = regs['R8']
    # Build the result list in order from 0 to prime_count-1
    # (If some addresses are missing, we fill with None.)
    result = [mem.get(i, None) for i in range(prime_count)]
    return result

Run Code Interpreter

Running the following program: 

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#!/usr/bin/env python3

def evaluate(program_code):
    # Split the program into lines and remove comments and blank lines.
    lines = []
    for line in program_code.splitlines():
        # Remove comments (everything after "//")
        if '//' in line:
            line = line.split('//', 1)[0]
        line = line.strip()
        if line:
            lines.append(line)
    
    # Parse lines into a list of instructions and record label positions.
    # We will represent an instruction as a tuple: (opcode, [arg1, arg2, ...])
    instructions = []
    labels = {}
    
    for line in lines:
        # Check if the line is just a label (ends with ":") or has one label at beginning.
        if ':' in line:
            # Split into label(s) and possible instruction after
            parts = line.split(':')
            # The label name is the first non-empty part before the colon.
            label = parts[0].strip()
            # Record label pointing to the current instruction index.
            labels[label] = len(instructions)
            # Check if there is any instruction after the colon.
            remaining = ':'.join(parts[1:]).strip()
            if not remaining:
                continue
            else:
                line = remaining  # continue processing the remainder as instruction
        # Now split the instruction tokens by whitespace.
        tokens = line.split()
        opcode = tokens[0]
        args = tokens[1:]
        instructions.append((opcode, args))
    
    # Initialize registers R1..R8 (if not explicitly set, they are 0).
    # We'll store registers in a dict mapping the register name string to int value.
    regs = {f'R{i}': 0 for i in range(1, 9)}
    # Initialize the "flag" that is set by EQ or GT.
    flag = False
    # Memory: we use a dictionary mapping address to value.
    mem = {}
    
    # Program counter:
    pc = 0
    
    # Run the simulation
    while pc < len(instructions):
        op, args = instructions[pc]
        # Uncomment below for debugging:
        # print(f"[PC {pc}] {op} {args} | regs: {regs} | flag: {flag} | mem: {mem}")
        
        if op == "SET":
            # SET Rx VALUE   (the value is an integer literal)
            reg = args[0]
            value = int(args[1])
            regs[reg] = value
            pc += 1
            
        elif op == "INC":
            # INC Rx
            reg = args[0]
            regs[reg] += 1
            pc += 1
            
        elif op == "STORE":
            # STORE Rsrc Rdest   meaning: memory[ regs[Rdest] ] = regs[Rsrc]
            src = args[0]
            dest = args[1]
            address = regs[dest]
            mem[address] = regs[src]
            pc += 1
            
        elif op == "EQ":
            # EQ Rx Ry. Set flag to true if regs[Rx] == regs[Ry], else false.
            r1, r2 = args[0], args[1]
            flag = (regs[r1] == regs[r2])
            pc += 1
            
        elif op == "GT":
            # GT Rx Ry. Set flag to true if regs[Rx] > regs[Ry], else false.
            r1, r2 = args[0], args[1]
            flag = (regs[r1] > regs[r2])
            pc += 1
            
        elif op == "MUL":
            # MUL Rd Rs1 Rs2  => regs[Rd] = regs[Rs1]*regs[Rs2]
            dest, s1, s2 = args[0], args[1], args[2]
            regs[dest] = regs[s1] * regs[s2]
            pc += 1
            
        elif op == "MOD":
            # MOD Rd Rs1 Rs2  => regs[Rd] = regs[Rs1] % regs[Rs2]
            dest, s1, s2 = args[0], args[1], args[2]
            # Avoid division by zero – assume the program will never hit that.
            regs[dest] = regs[s1] % regs[s2] if regs[s2] != 0 else 0
            pc += 1
            
        elif op == "JMP":
            # JMP label: jump to instruction index with the given label.
            label = args[0]
            if label not in labels:
                raise Exception(f"Label {label} not defined")
            pc = labels[label]
            
        elif op == "JT":
            # JT label: If the most recent comparison (flag) is True, jump.
            label = args[0]
            if flag:
                if label not in labels:
                    raise Exception(f"Label {label} not defined")
                pc = labels[label]
            else:
                pc += 1
                
        elif op == "JF":
            # JF label: If the most recent comparison (flag) is False, jump.
            label = args[0]
            if not flag:
                if label not in labels:
                    raise Exception(f"Label {label} not defined")
                pc = labels[label]
            else:
                pc += 1
        else:
            raise Exception(f"Unknown instruction: {op}")
        
        # Optional: break if we jump to an "end" label and there are no further instructions.
        # Our sample program ends with a jump to label 'end'. Here we allow execution
        # to continue until pc falls off the instruction list.
    
    # When finished run, we expect that the primes have been stored in memory
    # starting at address 0 up to the count stored in R8.
    prime_count = regs['R8']
    # Build the result list in order from 0 to prime_count-1
    # (If some addresses are missing, we fill with None.)
    result = [mem.get(i, None) for i in range(prime_count)]
    return result




answer = evaluate("""
    SET R1 0
    SET R2 1
loop:
    MUL R3 R2 R2
    STORE R3 R1
    INC R1
    INC R2
    SET R3 20
    EQ R1 R3
    JF loop
""")[:10]
expected = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
assert answer == expected, f'Wrong answer; got {answer} instead of {expected}'

answer = evaluate("""

SET R1 2          // Starting number to check for prime

start_find_primes:

    JMP is_prime // Control will return after executing is_prime with R1 as input and R2 containing the result

ready_prime:
    SET R7 1
    EQ R2 R7        // Check if R2 is 1 (prime)
    JF increment  // If not prime, skip storing and increment the number

    // Store prime number in memory and increment count
    STORE R1 R8   // Store prime number at address pointed by R8
    INC R8        // Increment prime count

    // Check if 100 primes are found
    SET R7 100
    EQ R8 R7
    JF increment  // If not 100 primes found yet, continue finding

    JMP end        // If 100 primes found, end program

increment:
    INC R1         // Increment number to check for prime
    JMP start_find_primes // Check next number

is_prime:
    SET R2 1       // Assume number is prime initially
    SET R3 2       // Start divisor from 2

start_loop:        // Label to start the loop
    // Check if we have exceeded the square root of R1
    MUL R4 R3 R3   // R4 = R3 * R3
    GT R4 R1       // Set flag if R4 > R1
    JT is_prime_end        // If not exceeded, continue; else, end loop

    MOD R6 R1 R3   // R6 = R1 % R3
    SET R7 0
    EQ R7 R6     // Check if R6 is 0
    JT not_prime   // If yes, number is not prime

    INC R3         // Increment divisor
    JMP start_loop // Repeat loop

not_prime:
    SET R2 0       // Set result to 0 (not prime)

is_prime_end:
    JMP ready_prime

end:
""")[:10]
expected = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29]
assert answer == expected, f'Wrong answer; got {answer} instead of {expected}'
print('All tests passed')
And got the output: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/src/app/main.py", line 160, in <module> assert answer == expected, f'Wrong answer; got {answer} instead of {expected}' ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ AssertionError: Wrong answer; got [] instead of [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

Substring Evaluation

Testing if the previous output contains the string All tests passed: False