Initial Query

Here is an example program from a new assmebly language I made up that computes primes: 

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SET R1 2          // Starting number to check for prime

start_find_primes:

    JMP is_prime // Control will return after executing is_prime with R1 as input and R2 containing the result

ready_prime:
    SET R7 1
    EQ R2 R7        // Check if R2 is 1 (prime)
    JF increment  // If not prime, skip storing and increment the number

    // Store prime number in memory and increment count
    STORE R1 R8   // Store prime number at address pointed by R8
    INC R8        // Increment prime count

    // Check if 100 primes are found
    SET R7 100
    EQ R8 R7
    JF increment  // If not 100 primes found yet, continue finding

    JMP end        // If 100 primes found, end program

increment:
    INC R1         // Increment number to check for prime
    JMP start_find_primes // Check next number

is_prime:
    SET R2 1       // Assume number is prime initially
    SET R3 2       // Start divisor from 2

start_loop:        // Label to start the loop
    // Check if we have exceeded the square root of R1
    MUL R4 R3 R3   // R4 = R3 * R3
    GT R4 R1       // Set flag if R4 > R1
    JT is_prime_end        // If not exceeded, continue; else, end loop

    MOD R6 R1 R3   // R6 = R1 % R3
    SET R7 0
    EQ R7 R6     // Check if R6 is 0
    JT not_prime   // If yes, number is not prime

    INC R3         // Increment divisor
    JMP start_loop // Repeat loop

not_prime:
    SET R2 0       // Set result to 0 (not prime)

is_prime_end:
    JMP ready_prime

end:
ite me a python interpreter `evaluate(str)` that returns the resulting memory state after running the program. For example, `evaluate(program)` should return `[2, 3, 5, 7, ...]` for the above program.

LLM Generation

Query

Here is an example program from a new assmebly language I made up that computes primes: 

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SET R1 2          // Starting number to check for prime

start_find_primes:

    JMP is_prime // Control will return after executing is_prime with R1 as input and R2 containing the result

ready_prime:
    SET R7 1
    EQ R2 R7        // Check if R2 is 1 (prime)
    JF increment  // If not prime, skip storing and increment the number

    // Store prime number in memory and increment count
    STORE R1 R8   // Store prime number at address pointed by R8
    INC R8        // Increment prime count

    // Check if 100 primes are found
    SET R7 100
    EQ R8 R7
    JF increment  // If not 100 primes found yet, continue finding

    JMP end        // If 100 primes found, end program

increment:
    INC R1         // Increment number to check for prime
    JMP start_find_primes // Check next number

is_prime:
    SET R2 1       // Assume number is prime initially
    SET R3 2       // Start divisor from 2

start_loop:        // Label to start the loop
    // Check if we have exceeded the square root of R1
    MUL R4 R3 R3   // R4 = R3 * R3
    GT R4 R1       // Set flag if R4 > R1
    JT is_prime_end        // If not exceeded, continue; else, end loop

    MOD R6 R1 R3   // R6 = R1 % R3
    SET R7 0
    EQ R7 R6     // Check if R6 is 0
    JT not_prime   // If yes, number is not prime

    INC R3         // Increment divisor
    JMP start_loop // Repeat loop

not_prime:
    SET R2 0       // Set result to 0 (not prime)

is_prime_end:
    JMP ready_prime

end:
ite me a python interpreter `evaluate(str)` that returns the resulting memory state after running the program. For example, `evaluate(program)` should return `[2, 3, 5, 7, ...]` for the above program.

Output

To solve this problem, we need to create a Python interpreter for a custom assembly language that computes the first 100 prime numbers and returns the resulting memory state after running the program. The interpreter must parse the assembly code, simulate the execution of instructions, manage registers and memory, and handle control flow using labels and jumps. ### Approach 1. **Parsing the Program**: The input program is split into lines, and each line is processed to separate comments from code. Labels are identified and stored in a dictionary mapping labels to their respective instruction indices. Instructions are stored in a list for execution. 2. **Simulating Execution**: The interpreter initializes registers, memory, and control flags. It processes each instruction sequentially, updating registers and memory as needed. Control flow instructions (jumps) adjust the instruction pointer based on labels. 3. **Handling Instructions**: Each instruction type (e.g., SET, JMP, EQ, STORE) is processed according to its semantics. Arithmetic operations, comparisons, memory storage, and control flow are implemented to mimic the behavior of the custom assembly language. ### Solution Code 

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from collections import defaultdict

def evaluate(program):
    # Parse the program into instructions and labels
    lines = program.split('\n')
    instructions = []
    labels = {}
    current_instruction = 0

    for line in lines:
        line = line.strip()
        if not line:
            continue
        # Split off comments
        code_part = line.split('//')[0].strip()
        if not code_part:
            continue
        # Check for labels
        if code_part.endswith(':'):
            label_name = code_part[:-1].strip()
            labels[label_name] = current_instruction
        else:
            # Split into tokens
            tokens = code_part.split()
            instructions.append(tokens)
            current_instruction += 1

    # Initialize simulation state
    registers = defaultdict(int)
    memory = []
    flag = False
    ip = 0  # instruction pointer

    while ip < len(instructions):
        instr = instructions[ip]
        op = instr[0]
        operands = instr[1:]

        if op == 'SET':
            reg = operands[0]
            value = int(operands[1])
            registers[reg] = value
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'JMP':
            label = operands[0]
            ip = labels[label]
        elif op == 'EQ':
            reg1, reg2 = operands
            val1 = registers[reg1]
            val2 = registers[reg2]
            flag = (val1 == val2)
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'GT':
            reg1, reg2 = operands
            val1 = registers[reg1]
            val2 = registers[reg2]
            flag = (val1 > val2)
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'LT':
            reg1, reg2 = operands
            val1 = registers[reg1]
            val2 = registers[reg2]
            flag = (val1 < val2)
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'JF':
            label = operands[0]
            if not flag:
                ip = labels[label]
            else:
                ip += 1
        elif op == 'JT':
            label = operands[0]
            if flag:
                ip = labels[label]
            else:
                ip += 1
        elif op == 'MUL':
            dest, src1, src2 = operands
            registers[dest] = registers[src1] * registers[src2]
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'MOD':
            dest, src1, src2 = operands
            divisor = registers[src2]
            if divisor == 0:
                # Avoid division by zero; assume programs are valid
                registers[dest] = 0
            else:
                registers[dest] = registers[src1] % divisor
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'INC':
            reg = operands[0]
            registers[reg] += 1
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'DEC':
            reg = operands[0]
            registers[reg] -= 1
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'STORE':
            src_reg, addr_reg = operands
            value = registers[src_reg]
            address = registers[addr_reg]
            # Ensure memory is large enough to include the address
            while address >= len(memory):
                memory.append(0)
            if address >= 0:
                memory[address] = value
            ip += 1
        else:
            # Unknown instruction, skip
            ip += 1

    return memory
### Explanation 1. **Parsing the Program**: The input string is split into lines, and each line is processed to extract code (ignoring comments). Labels are identified by lines ending with a colon and stored with their corresponding instruction index. 2. **Simulating Execution**: The interpreter initializes registers (using a defaultdict for flexibility), memory (as a list), and control flags. The instruction pointer (ip) starts at 0 and processes each instruction sequentially. 3. **Instruction Handling**: Each instruction type is processed according to its semantics. For example, SET updates a register's value, JMP adjusts the instruction pointer to a labeled instruction, and STORE writes a value to memory at a specified address, expanding memory as needed. 4. **Memory Management**: The STORE instruction ensures memory is expanded to the required address by appending zeros if necessary, then updates the specified address with the given value. This approach efficiently simulates the custom assembly language, correctly computing the first 100 prime numbers and storing them in memory, which is returned as a list.

Extract Code

I extracted the following code from that output: 

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from collections import defaultdict

def evaluate(program):
    # Parse the program into instructions and labels
    lines = program.split('\n')
    instructions = []
    labels = {}
    current_instruction = 0

    for line in lines:
        line = line.strip()
        if not line:
            continue
        # Split off comments
        code_part = line.split('//')[0].strip()
        if not code_part:
            continue
        # Check for labels
        if code_part.endswith(':'):
            label_name = code_part[:-1].strip()
            labels[label_name] = current_instruction
        else:
            # Split into tokens
            tokens = code_part.split()
            instructions.append(tokens)
            current_instruction += 1

    # Initialize simulation state
    registers = defaultdict(int)
    memory = []
    flag = False
    ip = 0  # instruction pointer

    while ip < len(instructions):
        instr = instructions[ip]
        op = instr[0]
        operands = instr[1:]

        if op == 'SET':
            reg = operands[0]
            value = int(operands[1])
            registers[reg] = value
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'JMP':
            label = operands[0]
            ip = labels[label]
        elif op == 'EQ':
            reg1, reg2 = operands
            val1 = registers[reg1]
            val2 = registers[reg2]
            flag = (val1 == val2)
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'GT':
            reg1, reg2 = operands
            val1 = registers[reg1]
            val2 = registers[reg2]
            flag = (val1 > val2)
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'LT':
            reg1, reg2 = operands
            val1 = registers[reg1]
            val2 = registers[reg2]
            flag = (val1 < val2)
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'JF':
            label = operands[0]
            if not flag:
                ip = labels[label]
            else:
                ip += 1
        elif op == 'JT':
            label = operands[0]
            if flag:
                ip = labels[label]
            else:
                ip += 1
        elif op == 'MUL':
            dest, src1, src2 = operands
            registers[dest] = registers[src1] * registers[src2]
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'MOD':
            dest, src1, src2 = operands
            divisor = registers[src2]
            if divisor == 0:
                # Avoid division by zero; assume programs are valid
                registers[dest] = 0
            else:
                registers[dest] = registers[src1] % divisor
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'INC':
            reg = operands[0]
            registers[reg] += 1
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'DEC':
            reg = operands[0]
            registers[reg] -= 1
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'STORE':
            src_reg, addr_reg = operands
            value = registers[src_reg]
            address = registers[addr_reg]
            # Ensure memory is large enough to include the address
            while address >= len(memory):
                memory.append(0)
            if address >= 0:
                memory[address] = value
            ip += 1
        else:
            # Unknown instruction, skip
            ip += 1

    return memory

Run Code Interpreter

Running the following program: 

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from collections import defaultdict

def evaluate(program):
    # Parse the program into instructions and labels
    lines = program.split('\n')
    instructions = []
    labels = {}
    current_instruction = 0

    for line in lines:
        line = line.strip()
        if not line:
            continue
        # Split off comments
        code_part = line.split('//')[0].strip()
        if not code_part:
            continue
        # Check for labels
        if code_part.endswith(':'):
            label_name = code_part[:-1].strip()
            labels[label_name] = current_instruction
        else:
            # Split into tokens
            tokens = code_part.split()
            instructions.append(tokens)
            current_instruction += 1

    # Initialize simulation state
    registers = defaultdict(int)
    memory = []
    flag = False
    ip = 0  # instruction pointer

    while ip < len(instructions):
        instr = instructions[ip]
        op = instr[0]
        operands = instr[1:]

        if op == 'SET':
            reg = operands[0]
            value = int(operands[1])
            registers[reg] = value
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'JMP':
            label = operands[0]
            ip = labels[label]
        elif op == 'EQ':
            reg1, reg2 = operands
            val1 = registers[reg1]
            val2 = registers[reg2]
            flag = (val1 == val2)
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'GT':
            reg1, reg2 = operands
            val1 = registers[reg1]
            val2 = registers[reg2]
            flag = (val1 > val2)
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'LT':
            reg1, reg2 = operands
            val1 = registers[reg1]
            val2 = registers[reg2]
            flag = (val1 < val2)
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'JF':
            label = operands[0]
            if not flag:
                ip = labels[label]
            else:
                ip += 1
        elif op == 'JT':
            label = operands[0]
            if flag:
                ip = labels[label]
            else:
                ip += 1
        elif op == 'MUL':
            dest, src1, src2 = operands
            registers[dest] = registers[src1] * registers[src2]
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'MOD':
            dest, src1, src2 = operands
            divisor = registers[src2]
            if divisor == 0:
                # Avoid division by zero; assume programs are valid
                registers[dest] = 0
            else:
                registers[dest] = registers[src1] % divisor
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'INC':
            reg = operands[0]
            registers[reg] += 1
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'DEC':
            reg = operands[0]
            registers[reg] -= 1
            ip += 1
        elif op == 'STORE':
            src_reg, addr_reg = operands
            value = registers[src_reg]
            address = registers[addr_reg]
            # Ensure memory is large enough to include the address
            while address >= len(memory):
                memory.append(0)
            if address >= 0:
                memory[address] = value
            ip += 1
        else:
            # Unknown instruction, skip
            ip += 1

    return memory





answer = evaluate("""
    SET R1 0
    SET R2 1
loop:
    MUL R3 R2 R2
    STORE R3 R1
    INC R1
    INC R2
    SET R3 20
    EQ R1 R3
    JF loop
""")[:10]
expected = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
assert answer == expected, f'Wrong answer; got {answer} instead of {expected}'

answer = evaluate("""

SET R1 2          // Starting number to check for prime

start_find_primes:

    JMP is_prime // Control will return after executing is_prime with R1 as input and R2 containing the result

ready_prime:
    SET R7 1
    EQ R2 R7        // Check if R2 is 1 (prime)
    JF increment  // If not prime, skip storing and increment the number

    // Store prime number in memory and increment count
    STORE R1 R8   // Store prime number at address pointed by R8
    INC R8        // Increment prime count

    // Check if 100 primes are found
    SET R7 100
    EQ R8 R7
    JF increment  // If not 100 primes found yet, continue finding

    JMP end        // If 100 primes found, end program

increment:
    INC R1         // Increment number to check for prime
    JMP start_find_primes // Check next number

is_prime:
    SET R2 1       // Assume number is prime initially
    SET R3 2       // Start divisor from 2

start_loop:        // Label to start the loop
    // Check if we have exceeded the square root of R1
    MUL R4 R3 R3   // R4 = R3 * R3
    GT R4 R1       // Set flag if R4 > R1
    JT is_prime_end        // If not exceeded, continue; else, end loop

    MOD R6 R1 R3   // R6 = R1 % R3
    SET R7 0
    EQ R7 R6     // Check if R6 is 0
    JT not_prime   // If yes, number is not prime

    INC R3         // Increment divisor
    JMP start_loop // Repeat loop

not_prime:
    SET R2 0       // Set result to 0 (not prime)

is_prime_end:
    JMP ready_prime

end:
""")[:10]
expected = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29]
assert answer == expected, f'Wrong answer; got {answer} instead of {expected}'
print('All tests passed')
And got the output: All tests passed

Substring Evaluation

Testing if the previous output contains the string All tests passed: True